Protection and Management of Gayo Arabica Coffee in the Laws and Regulations of Central Aceh Regency

Rachmatika Lestari^1*, Rahmat Pramulya², Dedy Darmansyah², Devi Agustia², Alfizar³, Safrida⁴

¹ Law Study Program, FISIP, Teuku Umar University, Aceh, Indonesia

² Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Teuku Umar University, Aceh, Indonesia

³ Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Teuku Umar University, Aceh, Indonesia

⁴ Study Program in State Administration, FISIP, Teuku Umar University, Aceh, Indonesi

ABSTRACT: Coffee is one of the leading commodities in the plantation  subsector  because it has market opportunities, both domestically and  abroad. Gayo Coffee (English: Gayo Coffee) is a variety of arabica coffee that is one of the leading commodities originating from the Gayo Plateau. Gayo Coffee has received Fair Trade Certified™ from the International Fair Trade   Organization on May 27, 2010, and has also received an IG (Geographical Indication) certificate submitted by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham) Republic of  Indonesia. People living in the Gayo highlands until now live dependent on coffee, butuntil now there are still problems experienced by gayo coffee farmers, such as the condition of coffee selling prices that are still unstable, and tend to plummet. Therefore, the problems experienced by gayo coffee farmers should be accommodated in a law, especially at the regional level. So that   problems that occur like this are not experienced continuously and protracted by coffee farmers from year to year.  Based on the background that has been described, the formulation of the problem in  this  study  is  what things must be contained in Qanun so that can it provide  protection  for the  management of gayo arabica coffee in Central Aceh Regency? The research method used in this study is normative juridical research, which is carried out through  literature  studies that examine (mainly) secondary data in the form of laws and regulations, or other   legal documents, research results, assessment results, and other references. The results   showed that the things  that need to be  contained  in  Qanun protection  for the  management of gayo arabica coffee include arrangements about gayo arabica coffee ecosystem, gayo coffee commerce and cultivation, international cooperation, coffee research and education centers, customary institutions related to the protection and management of gayo arabica coffee, tourism and coffee villages, Geographical Indication certification, and Coffee Regionally Owned Enterprises (BUMD). The suggestion from the researcher is that Central Aceh Regency should have a regulation in the form of Qanun which regulates  the  protection  and management of Gayo Arabica Coffee, because this area is an area that is a  source of coffee and  has  become the lifeblood of the people in Gayo.

KEYWORDS: protection and management, gayo arabica coffee, Central Aceh

INTRODUCTION

Coffee is one of the leading commodities in the plantation subsector because it has market opportunities, both domestically and abroad. Most of the coffee production in Indonesia is a plantation commodity that is sold to the world market. Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that has a fairly high economic value and plays an important role as a source of foreign exchange earnings for the country. Coffee is also a source of income for coffee farmers in Indonesia because quite a lot of people make a living as coffee farmers (Yahya, 2016).

Gayo Coffee (English: Gayo Coffee) is a variety of arabica coffee that is one of the leading commodities originating from the Gayo Highlands, Indonesia (Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia, 2013). Gayo Coffee has been awarded Fair Trade Certified™ by the International Fair Trade Organization on May 27, 2010. Gayo coffee has also received an IG (Geographical Indication) certificate submitted by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham) RI (Basri A.Bakar and Abdul Azis, 2010). In addition, at the Indonesian Coffee Special Auction Event on October 10, 2010 in Bali, gayo arabica coffee again received the highest rank during  the cupping score (Admin, 2010), (Admin, 2010) (Wikipedia, 2022).

More than 80 percent of the residents of the Gayo plateau are coffee farmers. That means, the majority of people who live in the Gayo plateau live dependent on coffee. However, until now there are still problems that are experienced by many gayo coffee farmers, including the condition of coffee selling prices which are still unstable and tend to plummet. This is a problem that coffee farmers continue to experience from year to year. Gayo should have a regulation or qanun about coffee which  also regulates  the  protection of Gayo  Arabica coffee farmers. The country  that is the  source of coffee and supports the  people in  these mountains, it must be clear that  there are rules that provide protection and  legal umbrella in the form of qanun about Gayo coffee. The existence of Gayo coffee, in  this case Arabica coffee  has become the lifeblood of people’s  lives in  Gayo  (Central Aceh,  Bener Meriah,  Gayo Lues). Therefore  , the future  and sustainability of farmers’  lives need to be thought about (Admin, 2022).  The source of  life of  the people in  the  central area of Aceh is  coffee, so qanun about coffee must be realized.  It has become a worldwide trademark, that the Gayo  plateau  is a paradise for coffee,  a paradise for   coffee connoisseurs who have taste  and quality recognized at the international level.

Based on the problems  as described  above, the problems raised in this study are:  what things need to be regulated in a law and regulations  about the  protection and management of gayo arabica coffee  at the  regional level of  Central Aceh district?

RESEARCH METHOD

The method of research used is the normative juridical method. The normative juridical method is carried out through literature studies that examine (mainly) secondary data in the form of laws and regulations, or other legal documents, research results, results of the assessment, and other references. The normative juridical method that is carried out begins with interviews to obtain data, as well as the implementation of discussions (focus group discussions), and hearing meetings with relevant stakeholaders in preparation of Academic Manuscripts which are studies in this study.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Protection and Management

             In the  complete Indonesian dictionary,  it is stated that  management is the process or  way  of  managing or the process of carrying out certain activities by mobilizing the  energy of  others, a process that helps formulate wisdom and objectives of  an organization or process that provides oversight on all matters involved in the exercise of discretion and the achievement of goals (Daryanto, 1997).

Marry Parker Follet (1997) defines management as the  art or process of completing something related to achieving a goal. In solving this, there are three factors involved, including (Erni Tisnawati Sule, Kurniwan Saefullah, 2009):

1)   The use of organizational resources, both human   resources  and other production factors.

2)   A gradual process  from  planning, organizing, directing and implementing, to control and supervision.

3)   The existence of art in the completion of work.

Drs. M. Manulang in his book basics of management the term management contains three meanings, namely: first, management as a process, second, management as a collectiveness people who carry out management activities and thirdly, management as an art and as a science. According to the first understanding, namely management as a process, In the book encyclopedia of the social sciences it is said that management is a process with a process in which the implementation of a certain goal organized and supervised.  Meanwhile,  according to the second sense, management is the  collectivity of  people who carry out management activities. And in the third sense, management is an art  or science  is the art and science of planning, organizing, compiling, directing, and supervising from on human resources to achieve goals that have been set in advance (Drs. M. Manulang, 1990). So it can be assumed that management is a way or process that starts from planning, organizing, supervising and evaluating to  achieve  a predetermined goal  in order to run effectively and efficiently.

Gayo Arabica Coffee

Arabica coffee is the best coffee in taste quality compared to other types of coffee, the signs are picak beans and dark green and choppy leaves (Botanical, 2010). Arabica coffee beans are quite large, weighing 18-22 g per 100 beans. The color of the seeds is slightly brown and the seeds are well processed will contain a slightly bluish and greenish tint. Good quality beans with a strong characteristic taste of Arabica coffee and a slightly sour taste, caffeine content: 1-1.3%. Arabica coffee is indeed known first by consumers in many countries, so the deliciousness of Arabica coffee is better known to be superior compared to Robusta coffee.   The types of coffee included  in the Arabica group are Abesinia, Pasumah, Marago and Congensis (Najiyati, 1997).

Arabica coffee grows at a maximum altitude of 1,000 meters to 1,500 meters above   sea level. Arabica coffee has 9  different types, including Brazilian Arabica which grows maximum at an altitude of 2,000 meters to 2,500 meters above sea level, and Colombian Mild Arabica which grows maximum at An altitude of more than 2,500 meters above sea level. Robusta coffee will grow maximum at an altitude of 400 meters to 700 meters above sea level. Coffee plants are very sensitive to  air humidity. The ideal  air humidity is between 70% and 89%.  In addition, coffee plants are also sensitive to rainfall, there are  times when coffee plants need quite a lot of rain, namely at the time of seed development, and there are also times when   where rainfall is not too much is needed, namely during flowering and fruit development, because  rain with high intensity will cause flowers to fall off  from plants (AEKI (Indonesian Coffee Exporters Association), 2006).

According to Hartatri and Rosari (2011), Arabica coffee has a unique brewing flavor and has  a  very promising market  opportunity in its business development. Arabica coffee plants in Indonesia are suitable for development in areas with an altitude between 800-1500 m above sea level and with an average temperature of 15-24ºC. At a temperature of 25ºC the photosynthesis activity of its plants will decrease and will have a direct effect on garden yields.  Considering that there are not many types of Arabica coffee that are resistant to leaf rust   disease, it is recommended to  grow Arabica coffee not in areas below an altitude of 800 m above sea level (Najiyati, 1997).

Arabica coffee  plants  require fertile soil with good drainage, a minimum rainfall of  1300 mm/th and  tolerance  to high  rainfall. The dry month  period  is short and the maximum is 4 months.  The required type of soil acidity with  a  pH of 5.2 – 6.2  with good  soil fertility.  Water propagation capacity is  also high, soil regulation is  good and soil depth is sufficient (P.S. Siswoputranto, 1993).  Coffee cultivation  programs are encouraged to choose areas that meet these requirements.

Laws and Regulations at the Regional Level or Qanun

Article 31 of Law No. 18  of  2005 states that the provisions for the implementation of  this law concerning  government authority  are determined by government  regulations (PP), while those concerning the authority of the  Provincial government Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam is designated Qanun Province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). Local regulations or qanun as local-level laws and regulations are made to organize Local Government. Local    Government is a  lower-level unit of territorial Government  that has the right to regulate and administer part of government affairs  as its own domestic affairs (Husni Jalil, 2005).

Based on the real or real autonomy system, local-level laws and regulations will regulate regional household affairs, whether they originate from the handover of affairs by top-level government units or affairs deemed essential to govern. Independence in autonomy does not mean that regions can make Regional Regulations or Qanun that are independent of the national statutory system. Regional Regulations or Qanun are an integral part of the unity of the national statutory system. Therefore   there   should be no bylaws that contradict   higher-level legislation   or the public interest (Husni Jalil, 2005).

Article 1 paragraph (8) of Law No. 18  of  2001 specifies that Qanun NAD Province is a Regional  Regulation as an implementation of  laws in the territory of  NAD Province in the implementation of special autonomy. From this understanding, it can be understood that the content of the qanun content only regulates the provisions of the nature of the statute of law in   the context of the implementation of special autonomy. In other words, qanun  can only regulate on the  basis of  delegation of  a statutory provision in the administration of special autonomy. This is in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of Law No.18  of 2001 which specifies that the provisions for the implementation of this law concerning the authority of the NAD Provincial government are established with Qanun (Husni Jalil, 2005).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result from research shows that the Indonesian state in addition to having strategic geographical conditions also produces very strategic natural conditions, especially Aceh Province which has the gift of wealth biodiversity and natural resources, abundant natural wealth, one of which is the Coffee Garden Variety. The wealth must be protected and managed in an integrated and integrated environmental protection and management system.    Environmental management must be able to provide economic, social, and cultural benefits based on the principles of prudence, environmental democracy, decentralization, and recognition and respect for local wisdom  and  environmental wisdom.

The coffee ecosystem in Central Aceh is divided into 3 (three) regions, namely the upper region, the central region and the lower region. The differences in these areas also affect the harvest time and coffee yield. Coffee farmers usually sell coffee crops through middlemen who hold all the farmer’s coffee and the coffee is sold cooperatively, then cooperatives that take and sell it back to bayer through exporters. However, the selling price of coffee is one of the problems. For example, the market price of gayo coffee in the world will decrease if arabica coffee in a country harvests, for example if brazil harvests coffee then the price of gayo coffee will decrease, and also for marketing ordinary baburayan coffee to starbucks. So that currently there are many cases that occur where the soaring selling price of high coffee makes the sturbucks unable to buy at a high price because the sturbucks party has another delivery price, so the sturbuks asked to reduce the price of coffee. This has caused the price of coffee to decline recently, and there are also some cases where local prices are often played by middlemen. But at this time, with the sophistication of social media, farmers are already more aware of the ups and downs of coffee prices, so the level of price mafia has decreased.

The role of the government  in protecting coffee is  very minimal where the government only carries out counseling and assistance  that is not  much so that it  does not get significant changes to existing coffee farmers In Aceh Gayo, as well as  the customary institutions in Gayo do not have much role, coffee customs are almost no longer there, the coffee mantra is also no  longer used.

There have been many laws and regulations that have become the basis for the  establishment of Qanun Central Aceh Regency concerning the  Protection and Management of Gayo Arabica Coffee, including: Article 18 paragraph (6) Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945, Article 33  of  the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 15 of  2001 concerning Trademarks (Statute Book of the Republic of Indonesia of  2001  Number 110, Supplement to the  Statute  Book of the Republic of  Indonesia  Number  4131),  Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning  the Government of Aceh, Law Number  32 of 2009 concerning  Environmental  Protection and Management  life, Law Number  19  of 2013 concerning  Empowerment and Welfare of  Farmers, Law Number  23  of  2014 concerning Regional  Government  (Statute Book of  the Republic of Indonesia  Year 2014 Number   244, Supplement to the Statute Book of  the Republic of  Indonesia  Number  5587) as amended several times recently by Law Number 9 of 2015 concerning the  Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional  Government (Statute Book of the Republic of  Indonesia of 2015 Number 58,  Supplement to the  State  Gazette Republic of  Indonesia  Number  5679),  Law Number  39  of 2014 concerning  Plantations, Law  Number 20 of 2016 concerning Brands and Geographical Indications, and  Regulations Government Number 31 of 2009 concerning Protection of Geographical Areas producing Site-Specific Plantation Products (Statute Book  of the Republic of Indonesia of 2009  Number 60, Supplement Statute Book  of the Republic of Indonesia No. 4997).

Therefore, there are several things that must be contained in the legislation at  the regional level of the  city district that regulates the protection and management of gayo arabica coffee, among others

Coffee Ecosystem

The birth and presence of coffee as a ‘social space’ and a ‘new culture’ does create social and cultural friction over traditional values. Although in fact the birth of coffee is also due to tradition, in the context of the dynamics of the long network of coffee ecosystems in Indonesia, let alone Aceh.

Coffee and the tradition of enjoying coffee make it a symbol of a communal society. But because of the change in the way, and the coffee room, it then makes it an interesting new discussion to be reviewed to ‘straighten out’ its existence. New ways, and coffee spaces, make coffee an ecosystem of its own, a ‘coffee ecosystem’. The space multiplies the various ties of relationships from the coffee beans themselves, to trivial matters, brewing procedures. From modern ones like espresso machines, manual brewing to tubruk coffee brewing, or Gayo plateau-style kertopes, here are the social, economic, and political affairs of its connoisseurs. Even the new ecosystem trend also means a new complexity, when we strip coffee to its upstream and downstream affairs. Coffee became a commodity that was no longer simple. The story of ‘a cup of coffee’, becomes another new chapter of the story.

Looking at the term ecosystem, it includes an ecological system formed by inseparable mutual interaction between living things and their environment. A whole and comprehensive order of unity between elements of the environment that influence each other. Perhaps the coffee ecosystem can simply be understood as a dynamic and relationship between components. From coffee, coffee shops, coffee connoisseurs to how to enjoy the finished product, it becomes a ‘new space’ and a ‘new way’ that is mutual-mutual-interconnected, mutually beneficial. The far side of the technical discussion about how to choose quality seeds, how to plant, the contours of the ideal height of growing coffee, production chains and marketing networks, to be presented at the table of a café or coffee shop.

Likewise, the other side of the coffee ecosystem also comes into contact with the real world of coffee, so when talking about coffee, it actually talks about the complexity of commodities. A sequel to the talk is more than just a matter of enjoying coffee. That means talking about upstream and downstream, how to manage the coffee industry, to the issue of the fate of coffee farmers which until now, is still inversely proportional to the fate of the coffee beans who are increasingly rising in class or coffee connoisseurs who are increasingly spoiled with various variants of specialty coffee with coffee rooms that are increasingly premium in class.

Therefore, the arrangement regarding the coffee ecosystem is important to be included in the preparation of Qanun Central Aceh Regency, as previously described talking about coffee is a commodity complexity, Starting from upstream to downstream.

Coffee Business

             Market and export networks are the determinants of the Gayo coffee farming process, because the purpose of coffee cultivation is none other than to get good, constant prices and market opportunities and guaranteed sustainability. Gayo coffee trade arrangements with a network of domestic and export markets that are professionally and proportionately managed are a must. Anticipatory measures to prevent falling coffee prices should also be a priority for detailed and binding discussions.  Included in  maintaining the  stability of gayo  coffee  prices is the  management  of  warehouse receipts in accordance with the provisions, supervision of  unhealthy  business arrangements and standards exporter feasibility.

Therefore, the manufacture of qanun is expected to ensure that the coffee business system runs as expected. Qanun’s concept of market mechanism must be able to provide bargaining power for coffee stakeholders.  To create competitiveness for coffee stakeholders, qanun must be able to encourage production, distribution and consumption processes that have added value and innovation in every stage the process. Qanun is expected to be able to encourage the creation of people’s ability to market products both in local and international markets, furthermore, qanun encourages related parties to open new markets to ensure the sustainability of the product and provide added value in marketing. Qanun on commerce must also  emphasize the importance of  digital-based implementation of industry 4.0.

International Cooperation

Gayo Arabica Coffee is one of the best coffees in the world originating from the Gayo Plateau. Until now, the total production of Gayo Arabica coffee is said to reach 40 percent of the total domestic coffee production. Generally, the cultivation of Gayo Arabica coffee is carried out by the coffee farming community, so that Aceh’s success in developing Arabica coffee is identical to the success of the people in optimizing natural resources in their area.  Gay Arabica Coffeeo was developed in 3 districts, namely in the districts of Central Aceh, Bener Meriah, and Gayo Lues. The area of Gayo Arabica coffee currently reaches 103,495 ha with a total production of 66,548 tons, involving farmers amounting to 80,003 households.

Until now, the Government of Aceh continues to strive to increase the productivity of Gayo Arabica Coffee through various programs such as training for coffee farmers, rehabilitation, development and rejuvenation of Gayo Arabica coffee as well as assistance in post-harvest tools to support coffee production by applying good coffee  cultivation methods or GAP (Good Agriculture Practice) to improve   sustainable  productivity  of farmers.  GAP aims to  increase production and  productivity, improve quality, safety of consumption, increase production efficiency,  efficiency in the use of natural resources, and  maintain land fertility and environmental sustainability.

In terms of  the economic dimension, coffee  farmers are one of the main actors who earn income to meet their daily needs, not only that, traders also  get decent profits for daily life,  and exporters get adequate profits to run Business.  Therefore, currently the Aceh Government is said to support the plan to build a land port  (Dry Port) initiated by the Central Aceh Regency Government together with the Ministry of Transportation which aims to increase local revenues, as well as maintain the authenticity and quality of gayo coffee to be exported.

As is known based on data from the Aceh Industry and Trade Office, every year Tanah Gayo is able to export coffee beans to 18 countries, including Korea, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, America, and Australia, with an export value of 52 million US dollars. Several coffee-producing countries such as Brazil, Jamaica, Chile, Africa and other countries, also continue to be competitors to Arabica coffee.  Therefore, it is necessary  to take  innovation steps through the agricultural system to compete so that Gayo coffee products are more attractive and superior in the international market.

Gayo Arabica Coffee  , which  has  obtained the rights to the  Geophysical Indication (IG), then there has been legal protection for the name of the product’s origin so that it is not used by other parties to carry out fraudulent competition, including in the aspect of international  trade cooperation.   Based on this, it is  important that this international cooperation be included  in  Qanun Central Aceh Regency, so that  there is a legal umbrella that regulates international   cooperation in Gayo Arabica Coffee trade.

Coffee Research and Research Center

Indonesian coffee, especially Gayo Arabica Coffee, continues to experience development.  This development   cannot be separated from research  work, both  carried out by private research institutions and the Government. Such as  the research center  in Jember Jawa Timut, the coffee and  cocoa research center, where this  institution has succeeded in producing superior coffee  seeds with  high productivity and  disease resistance, so that the results of this  applied innovation are very useful for  coffee farmers.

By increasing domestic  and  foreign  coffee consumers, both  for farmers, wholesalers, and  retailers, this innovative coffee  research  needs to continue to be carried out,  both by  research institutions and  by college. Some  of the innovative coffee research agendas  that can be carried out include:

1)   First, breeding coffee seedlings to produce superior seedlings  with  high productivity,  disease resistance, and can grow in a variety of soil conditions, because such   seedlings  are very important to meet market  needs in line with the increasing expansion of people’s coffee  plantations.   This is because Indonesia’s  rivals in  the coffee field are Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia.

2) Secondly, apart from researching seeds with qualifications, it is also necessary to conduct research to produce premium class coffee seeds, which have a distinctive taste and fragrant so that the price in kilogram is far away in above the average regular coffee, for example, the price of civet coffee which has a price above the price of ordinary coffee because of its different fragrant and flavor.

3)   Third, it is also necessary to research how to cultivate it. The taste and aroma of coffee is strongly influenced by the condition of the surrounding soil, fertilizer, fertility, and shade plants. Therefore, soil engineering and the right combination of crops determine the quality of its products.

4)   Fourth, regarding the processing method,  it is also necessary to  do research, because the taste of coffee is largely determined by various processing techniques. Research on this matter is important to do because proper processing can produce processed coffee with the perfect taste.

5)   Fifth, the challenge for research institutions and high teachers to produce the best processing tools that are cheap and of high quality, this is because so far coffee processing is very   dependent on Sangria Tool (Roaster). The best roasters today still use German products, and they are very expensive, so SMEs find it difficult to get them.

6)   Sixth, research on products and governance. In this case, it is hoped that the baristas and waiters will be able to present classy coffee in accordance with Indonesian culture, a noble culture that respects food, is full of love, and appreciation. This is important because it is very unattractive it seems that if the coffee is Indonesian coffee, the consumers are Indonesian, but the procedure of serving it imitates the culture of other nations.

Based on  what has been described above, it is very important to be one of the  clauses in the preparation of  Qanun  Central Aceh Regency, so that research and  This research can be a legal umbrella for research institutions and universities  in researching or conducting  research in the field of coffee.

Coffee Education

Coffee education is the process of learning about coffee, including its origin, how it is made, and how to enjoy it in  the right way. In coffee education, it also includes the introduction of coffee brewing tools and techniques. The delivery of coffee education can be done when consumers enjoy coffee. The importance of coffee education also includes the history of coffee, and how this drink has influenced the culture and economy of various countries. Learning about coffee can be  a fun way to increase knowledge and experience about the importance of coffee  drinks, so that even enjoying  coffee can be more appreciative.

As for coffee education, this is done by instilling local content values in the local content education curriculum, especially in Central Aceh Regency itself. Local content is an educational program whose content and delivery media are associated with the natural environment, social environment and cultural environment as well as the development needs of the local area that need to be taught to students (in this context it is Gayo Arabica Coffee in Central Aceh Regency).

This local content about coffee  education is very necessary, especially for regional progress which automatically has a good impact on national progress. Thisis a very necessary local content as a form of  development, cultural preservation, cultural development, and changing environmental attitudes towards the environment.  Localcontent students are given to familiarize students with the environment, train analytical thinking, and be able to develop the potential of students. Local content can  also be interpreted as all the potential and work in an area that is characteristic of the area, both natural and human resources contained in an area. This local content is a blend of knowledge, skills, independence, and the ability to adapt education to the actual conditions in each region. So that learning becomes actual and leads to solving problems faced by the local community. Thus local content is a characteristic of the area resulting from the natural potential and human potential that exists in an area. This local content is the material for each region to continue to develop so that it becomes a  collection of potentials that have been developed and becomes a barometer of local development.

The function of the existence of local content is  to expand the knowledge of students in accordance with the conditions of the region. Local content is one of the means for  students to develop the knowledge, skills and arts possessed by the potential of their respective regions.  Pthere is practice, local content is often seen as a second class lesson and only complementary. Schools implement it as a formality to meet the demands of the curriculum set forth in various regulations. Such conditions indicate that local content teaching applications in schools are still floating.  Therefore, education about coffee, especially gayo arabica  coffee  in  the Central Aceh region is important to be taught in a local content  in each school. This is important because gayo arabica coffee  which has been recorded as a  geographical indication right of the Gayo region, the  gayo community  should know about all aspects related to  with gayo arabica  coffee  which is  a characteristic  of the region.  So in  order for the legal umbrella  to be available in this case, it is necessary to be regulated in a Qanun  of Central Aceh Regency.

Customary Institutions

Related to the  context of customary institutions,  in Gayo  there is a Gayo Customary Assembly which is an autonomous institution and partner of the Regional Government in carrying out and organizing indigenous life. This is intended so that the culture or customs that exist in the Gayo community are always maintained and maintained and practiced in community life. The Gayo Traditional Assembly has socialized the existence of traditional cultural expressions of the community. In carrying out its activities, the Gayo Traditional Assembly collaborates by involving the community in the village, the Police, the Gampong traditional assembly, so that  the  Gayo people understand the existence of customs and customaryhukum. The Gayo Traditional Assembly institution plays an important role in maintaining customs, culture and religion so that it is well maintained. The Gayo Traditional Assembly Institution is an institution that explores and preserves customs that remain and is sustainable so that the cultural customs that exist in the Gayo community are always maintained and maintained and can be practiced in daily life and sustainable for the  next generation.

In terms of the establishment of the  Qanun of Central Aceh Regency on the Protection and Management of  Gayo Arabica Coffee, regarding this customary institution it  is important to include it into a clause in itself.  As   previously described, gayo arabica coffee is a typical coffee originating from the gayo plateau and has received Geographical Indication Certification. Therefore,  it is important for  this gayo customary institution to  be able to play an active role  in efforts to protect and manage Gayo Arabica Coffee. In order for  this role to be realized, it is important to realize in a rule of law at the  regional level itself.

Tourism and Coffee Village

                Tourism has become a trend of modern human life, because this human activity has a broad definition, not just to meet the need for fun to enjoy travel, but economic, artistic and cultural activity. Tourism has a far-reaching impact in economic, social, and cultural development, educational activities, religious activities, sports, scientific activities have even become a discipline a science of its own. Tourism has become a discipline since several decades ago because this activity was developed in various universities, organizations, private and government bodies.

The purpose of tourism development in Indonesia is clearly seen in the Presidential Instruction of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 1969, especially Chapter II Article 3, which states “Tourism development efforts in Indonesia is a development of the “tourism industry”  and is part of  the  development  and development efforts as  well as the  welfare  of  the community and  the  State”.   Based on   this, gayo arabica coffee can be used as agro on the high level of gayo. Agro tourism is agricultural tourism with the object of visiting agricultural or plantation areas that are distinctive in nature, such as those that have been developed Agro Coffee Tourism in Pupuan, Tabanan 10 in such a way The appearance that various aspects  related to the  types of cultivated plants  have given rise to  motivation and  attraction for tourists to visit it.  These  aspects  include  typical  types of  plants, how to  cultivate and manage their products, the use of techniques and technology,  historical aspects,  the environment  nature and also socio-cultural  around it (R.S Damardjati, 1995). Coffee  Tourism can be:

1) Edukopi package, which is by offering educational tour packages about coffee by visiting directly the place of coffee cultivation and processing so that we will get a clear picture of how the process is carried out by a coffee until it becomes a coffee drink that we usually enjoy, so that we can  Opening insights and increasing community interest, especially young people, to be interested in the coffee plantation business which if carried out and processed properly and correctly will produce maximum land productivity so that the welfare of farmers automatically increases. For the internal group itself, it is hoped that there will be interaction between participants as consumers (coffee connoisseurs) and farmers as producers so that farmers understand what consumer needs are like, not only about the price of coffee but also there is an improvement in the quality of the coffee product itself. The target of this edukopi tour can consist of  coffee  lovers, entrepreneurs engaged in coffee both from café owners, baristas, and also the general public who want to learn about coffee processing.

2)   Coffee Farm Trip Package. In this package, visitors can be invited to take an offroad vehicle to coffee plantations directed by farmers in the Gayo highlands, especially in the Central Aceh Region. Here the visitors will be directly introduced to coffee cultivation starting from coffee care such as wiwilan and pruning to what good coffee bean harvesting looks like so as to produce high quality coffee. In addition to being guided by a tour guide, visitors  can also interact to ask directly to farmers who own coffee plantations. During the trip  to the coffee garden, visitors  will also be  treated to a view of the coffee plantation that is managed by agroforestry and will also pass through a stretch of pine forest which is very good to be used as a spot for taking selfies.

3)   Post-Harvest Package. For this post-harvest class, visitors will be explained the post-harvest process starting from seed sorting, drying, stripping, fermentation and drying. After that, the next activity can be broken down again into several learning packages that can be detailed with quality control, roasting and cupping packages which will be many enthusiasts who want to follow this learning package specifically.

The coffee tourism described above can be realized in the Central Aceh region, therefore for arrangements regarding its management can be contained in a legal rule in the form of Qanun Central Aceh Regency.

Geographical Indication Certification

Amir   Hamzah, head of the Gayo Coffee Research Agency, said Gayo Arabica coffee cannot be obtained from elsewhere because of  the  typical soil type in the highlands.  Weather conditions  and an altitude of 1,200 meters on the plantation also play a contributing role as both are ideal for growing coffee.  The great attraction  for world  coffee  exporters is that the cultivation of gayo coffee  uses organic methods and from high-yielding varieties.

In 2010, finally gayo arabica coffee won a Geographical Indication (IG) certificate or patent from the Director General of Intellectual Property and Rights (IPR) of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. The Certificate of  Geographical Indication of Arabica coffee  will be handed over by the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, Patrialis Akbar, accompanied by the Director General of  IPR of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Drs Andy N Sommeng, to the  Regent of Central Aceh, Ir H Nasaruddin MM, on Commemoration of the 10th  Anniversary  of  Intellectual Property in the World at the Jakarta Convention Center (JCC) Jakarta, Thursday, May 27, 2010 (Miranda Risang Ayu, 2006).

The geographical indication application process has been pursued by the Gayo community by involving farmers, agents, traders, coffee researchers and coffee exporters in the area. With the release of the Geographical Indication certificate of gayo arabica coffee, the Gayo Coffee Patent Rights already belong to the Gayo community. Efforts to obtain geographical indications of Gayo Arabica Coffee  are very long and involve many components, in addition to MPKG as the main component, also assisted by the Aceh Government,  Aceh Partnership for Economic Development (APED) Program, Aceh Coffee Forum and  the government of three districts in the  Gayo plateau  (Nurul, 2010).

Gayo Arabica coffee became increasingly famous when it was in the process of accessing promising markets  such as the European Union, in  2014  the Directorate General of  IPR requested the support of  the  TCF  project to prepare the Coffee  application Gayo Arabica to be the first Indonesian  product to be registered as a  Geographical Indication in the European Union  as well as  preparing the Gayo Arabica Gayo Coffee logo  application to be registered  as a  brand Community Trade Mark (CTM) in the European Union.  Protection in the European Union was identified as a priority to guarantee access to the EU market in a competitive manner (Ester Olivas Cáceres, n.d.). Throughout 2015 TCF experts in the field of Geographical Indications collaborated with the Sub-Directorate of Geographical Indications of the Directorate General of IPR and with stakeholders of Geographical Indications related (MPKG), in order to prepare for these two things, namely the application to be registered as a Geographical Indication and also to be registered as a Mark Community (CTM) in the European Union  (Ester Olivas Cáceres, n.d.).

This result  has a very significant impact on the  stakeholders of Gayo Arabica Coffee  as  well as for the  overall Geographical Indication  system  in Indonesia (Ester Olivas Cáceres, n.d.):

1)   Over the next ten years, Gayo Arabica Coffee producers will be able to use the Gayo    Arabica Coffee logo on their packaging in all 28 member states of the European Union, preventing other parties from preventing others to use this trademark on coffee, coffee drinks or services to provide coffee drinks (cafes).

2)   If the European Union agrees to register Gayo Arabica Coffee as a Geographical Indication in the European Union, this name must be protected in the 28 member states of the European Union against direct or indirect use which can be detrimental to the geographical indication name   and the Gayo Arabica Coffee product.

3)   Furthermore, the name of the Geographical Indication of Gayo Arabica Coffee will not be generic and the member states of the European Union will take appropriate administrative and judicial measures to prevent or terminate the unauthorized use of protected Geo-Indication names.  The duration of the registration process is long in the European Union, geographical indication applications are currently being checked by the European Union, and this requires the availability of technical and legal support to the stakeholders of Gayo Arabica Coffee, to respond to possible inquiries from the European Commission, as well as to respond to possible opposition by interested third parties.

Therefore, to strengthen the Geographical Indication  Certification that has been obtained by GaYo Arabica Coffee by the Gayo community, it is important to strengthen the arrangements regarding Indication Certification  This geography is to be included in the  Qanun of Central Aceh  Regency on the Protection and Management of Gayo Arabica Coffee.

Regionally Owned Enterprises (BUMD)

    Qanun construction based on the concept of command is simpler, in addition to increasing the competitiveness of human resources, capital, technology, and marketing. The fundamental difference is more in the product distribution manager. Qanun encourages the   creation of Regionally Owned Enterprises (BUMD), BUMD is not only profit-oriented but also on the stability of selling prices from farmers with a subsidy system. Qanun became the legal basis for BUMD to carry out professional management activities. BUMD buys products directly from farmers at prices that match the market price (even higher), this process will break the distribution chain to the detriment of farmers.

Furthermore, BUMD builds professional cooperation with local or international buyers without involving risks to farmers. BUMD capital is regulated based on the role of the government in capital participation. Functioning BUMD as the axis of coffee industry  activities will encourage production  and distribution that benefits the community.

The two mechanisms above have their own  risks, the  first concept, to focus  on  direct implementers in the field (farmers, researchers, banks, sellers), equalizing perceptions  through  Qanun will become increasingly difficult if there  is no synergy between each steakholder. In  the second concept, it  risks the creation of unprofessional management and opportunities for corruption.

CONCLUSION

The results of the study show that the Indonesian state in addition to having strategic geographical conditions also produces very strategic natural conditions, especially Aceh   Province which has the gift of rich diversity biological and natural resources, abundant natural wealth, one of which is the Coffee Garden Variety. In the context of Central Aceh Regency as one of the gayo arabica coffee producing areas must be protected in a law and managed in an integrated and integrated environmental protection and management system.

Therefore, there are several things  that must be contained in the legislation at the regional level of the  city district that regulates the protection and management of gayo arabica coffee,  among others. other:

1. Coffee Ecosystem
2. Coffee Business
3. International Cooperation
4. Coffee Research and Research Center
5. Coffee Education
6. Customary Institutions
7. Tourism and Coffee Village
8. Geographical Indication Certification
9. Regionally Owned Enterprises (BUMD)

Based on the results of the research above, it is hoped that the Central Aceh Regency People’s Representative Council (DPRK) together with the Central Aceh Government can immediately compile, form, and pass laws and regulations in regional level in the form of  Qanun which regulates the protection and management of Gayo Arabica Coffee, so that there is legal paying  in the activities of  protecting  and managing  coffee  arabica gayo in the Central  Aceh Regency area.

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