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The study anchored on both uses and Gratification Theory. The survey research design was adopted. The total number of 175 copies of questionnaire was administered on the four department selected from the four schools (faculties) of the institution. Findings showed that the students used text messaging to derive the benefits of cost effectiveness, sustenance of interpersonal relationship, acquisition of knowledge and ability to use text messaging when unable to make a call among others. It was also found that text messaging encourage; examination malpractices, the use of unrecognized shortenings and abbreviations, laziness to write long essays and letters and non-standard form of writing which makes it difficult to read and understand text messages. The study concluded that errors of spellings, punctuations, and tenses that have been notice in the recent time were largely due to the constants use of abbreviations text messaging by the students. It was, therefore, recommended that spelling skills should be included in secondary school and early part of higher institution’s curriculum, the users of text messaging should be made to be very conscious of spelling, abbreviations and tenses when writing offline and that the students should also be made to understand the concept of audience in communication.

Due to the COVID–19 pandemic, several Small and Medium Scale Businesses have collapsed. This paper therefore examines COVID–19, risk management and SMEs sustainability in developing nations. The main objective of this paper is to suggest implementable risk management strategies that can help revamp the business operations of SMEs. The specific objectives are to ascertain the effect of COVID–19 on SMEs business operation; and to determine the role of effective risk management strategies in revamping SMEs business operation from COVID–19 pandemic. The study made use of cross-sectional design approach which recognises that data be collected at one time. The population of this study consists of all the small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Lagos State. Ordinary Least Square of Regression model was employed to test the hypotheses of this study. This paper revealed that COVID–19 has significant negative effects on SMEs business operation; effective risk management strategies such as risk avoidance, reduction, sharing and retention can play a significant role in revamping SMEs business operation from COVID–19 pandemic; and adequate financing can mitigate the negative effect of Covid–19 on SMEs business operations. Arisen from the analysis of the study, this study recommended that financial institutions should make more funds available to SMEs especially in the face of Covid–19 pandemic; and SMEs should employ effective risk management strategies such as risk avoidance, reduction, sharing and retention.

Metaphors are abundant in the English language, and their use both enriches and adds depth of meaning to prose and poetry.  However, when practitioners in business, economics, healthcare, and other fields use military metaphors, they risk conveying lessons and inciting actions that may be confusing, harmful, and even illegal.  References to wars and their strategies, tactics, battles, and weapons raise images of violence which, while appropriate to wars and one’s enemies, are inappropriate outside of the military context.  This study explores the underlying philological, psychological, and philosophical principles on which metaphors are based and searches for alternatives to the language of violence.  The study finds a consensus in the literature regarding the value of metaphor in conveying messages while raising questions about the efficacy, the efficiency, and the morality of using military metaphors, the language of violence, to characterize non-military situations, including business, economics, healthcare, public policy, and education.  Metaphors range from the poetic to the mundane, but they have in common varying degrees of evocative power to move from abstract thought to concrete action.  We conclude that such power must be constrained so as to avoid confusion, misunderstanding, and actions that have the potential for damage to organizations and individuals.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought major changes and developments which helped to improve and change the traditional classroom concepts. In fact, teachers’ ways regarding the employment of ICT in their classroom play an important role in the EFL accomplishment. Following the recent trend of the implementation of CALL in EFL classrooms, this study aims to examine how EFL teachers perceive the use of Computer Assisted Language Learning at a foundation University. To answer the research questions, a descriptive research design will be used. 41 EFL teachers working at the Higher Institute of Languages of Tunis participated in this study. Two data collection instruments which are developed by Christensen and Knezek (1998) are used. The first instrument is a Survey of Faculty Attitudes Toward Information Technology. The aim of this survey is to gather general information concerning teacher’s knowledge and attitudes toward information technology. The second instrument is The Faculty Attitudes Toward Information Technology (FAIT). The results of the study at hand proved that most teachers have a positive attitude towards the implementation of computer assisted language learning in their teaching process. Teachers believe work with computers is stimulating, they don’t feel anxious when it comes to implement computers in their classes. They believe that having training session helps them implement and use computers in a proper way. Furthermore, teachers believe computers help them organize their work and time and be well prepared as well as they help both teachers and students to communicate easily beyond the classroom and to create an interactive atmosphere.

This study aims to find an inclusive education curriculum design, namely the educational design model for students with disabilities is provided in three types of educational institutions, namely special schools (SLB), extraordinary elementary schools (SDLB) and integrated education.  This study uses a qualitative approach, a qualitative approach contains an assessment of the problem that will produce detailed and in-depth descriptive data.  This research analyzes and discovers thoroughly and completely the design of inclusive education at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Yayasan Pesantren Sabilul Muttaqien Pare Kediri.  The result of this research is that the Design of Inclusive Education based on local wisdom was prepared on the basis of a meeting at the beginning of the year with the foundation, principal and all teachers (FGD).  With several main topics of discussion, namely learning objectives, formulating goals for each regular class and inclusive class with various targets tailored to the needs of students, student assessment, curriculum analysis, preparation of early evaluation instruments, determining the next level of learning in accordance with early evaluation, determining  post-level learning methods are determined, monitoring learning activities, mid-semester and end-of-semester exams for all regular students and complete oral and written tests for all students with special needs.