Archive for month: September, 2026

Interpretation plays a pivotal role in introducing heritage sites. It transforms a site from mere landmarks, remains, or artifacts into living meanings that impact the visitor. The interpretation process contributes effectively to the visitor’s understanding of the site’s history and culture. This understanding leads to the visitor’s awareness of the site’s cultural value and symbolism, which, then, increases the visitor’s responsibility to preserve the heritage sites, whose importance and value are realized through the interpretation process. To achieve a comprehensive interpretation process, interpretation must address several points related to the site. This study focuses on three of the most important of these points: the site’s name, its history, and its cultural significance. The study concludes that interpreting a site’s name is the gateway to understanding the site, an understanding that creates an emotional bond between the visitor and the heritage site. Interpreting the site’s history, on the other hand, connects the site’s past with its present, transforming it into a living entity that interacts with the visitor. The cultural significance of a heritage site is explained through connecting the site to identity, symbolism, and value. The study also examines the site of the Catacombs of Kom El-Shoqafa in Alexandria, Egypt, as a case study interpreting its name, history and cultural significance as a symbol of the intermingling of thoughts, beliefs, architecture, and art style of both ancient Egyptians and the culture of Greek and Roman in Egypt.

Legal consciousness shapes how university students understand legal norms, evaluate official institutions, and act when rules affect their daily lives. This study examined legal consciousness among full-time students at Hung Vuong University of Ho Chi Minh City and identified educational responses suitable for an applied, multidisciplinary university. A descriptive case-study design combined documentary analysis, a questionnaire administered to 500 students from the 2021-2025 cohorts, and purposive interviews with selected students, lecturers, and staff. Questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive percentages across legal knowledge, legal emotions and trust, compliance motivation, reported conduct, and responses to rights violations. The findings show an uneven pattern. Students understood traffic rules better than labour, intellectual-property, and digital-law issues, while social media had become their main source of legal information. Most respondents condemned serious violence and online fraud, but many treated academic dishonesty and minor traffic violations as ordinary conduct. Compliance was also driven more often by fear of sanctions than by internalised legal obligation. When their own rights were infringed, many students preferred silence, informal intervention, or public complaints on social media to formal legal remedies. The study concludes that legal education should move beyond rule transmission. Universities should integrate practical legal problems into curricula, use experiential and digital methods, coordinate with legal institutions and families, and develop students’ capacity to verify information, seek lawful remedies, and regulate their own conduct.

While Bangladesh is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate-induced human mobility, the governance of human mobility has received much less attention than the drivers of mobility. This article poses the question of how the country’s policy framework, institutional mandates, and adaptation constraints shape (or do not shape) the governance of climate-induced internal migration. An exploratory qualitative design is used, with codebook thematic analysis of 71 policy, legal, international organization, scholarly, and civil society documents from 2009 to 2026, based on multi-level governance theory and reported using the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research and the READ approach to policy document analysis. Climate mobility is widely acknowledged in policy language, and poorly regulated in practice. There are six ministries, each of which has part of a mandate, but not the whole. The Delta Plan 2100 defines out-migration as failure and introduces targets for reducing it; the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) considers climate migrants as an attribute of an urban intervention, and the Third Nationally Determined Contribution (2025) mentions displacement as one of the national circumstances, but has no specific mobility or planned-relocation measure among its 65 adaptation interventions. The remit for in-migration is not statutory for local government, where it takes place, nor do they have the fiscal power to have one. The article introduces the concept of a mandate vacuum, a development of the multi-level governance theory, which assumes competencies to be distributed, and compares it to the most similar previous study of multi-level adaptation governance in Bangladesh, and presents it as a series of six sequential reforms with indicators, baselines, and a political feasibility assessment.