Ibn Khaldun and Auguste Comte: A Comparative Analysis of the Founding Figures of Sociology

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This paper presents a comparative analysis of the contributions of Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century Arab scholar, and Auguste Comte, a 19th-century French philosopher, to the development of sociology. While Auguste Comte is widely acknowledged in the Western tradition as the “father of sociology,” Ibn Khaldun’s seminal work, “Muqaddimah”, place the Preliminary work for a systematic approach to social and historical analysis several centuries before Comte. Ibn Khaldun’s pioneering ideas on social cohesion, economic foundations, and the cyclical nature of civilizations challenge the conventional Eurocentric narrative that places the origins of sociological thought exclusively within Western intellectual history. This paper examines the methodologies, theories, and socio-historical contexts that shaped the works of both thinkers. Ibn Khaldun’s empirical observations and his concept of “asabiyyah” (social cohesion) are compared with Comte’s positivist approach and his “Law of Three Stages,” which posits the evolution of human thought from theological to metaphysical to positive. Despite the differences in their approaches, both scholars were deeply engaged with the fundamental processes governing social life and the forces driving social change. This study argues for a broader recognition of Ibn Khaldun’s role in the evolution of sociological thought, positioning him not merely as a precursor but as a co-founder of sociology alongside Comte. By doing so, it contributes to a more inclusive understanding of the global intellectual traditions that have shaped the discipline of sociology.

RDA Training Methods and Application Examples

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The first standard rules for cataloging, Panizzi, were introduced. These rules, which have changed and developed in various periods, have been tried to be applied with Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC), which is a machine-readable data chart, with the change in information technologies in 1966. In the ongoing process, the second edition of AACR was published in 1978 due to difficulties in bibliographic identification of the diversified information sources. Between 2004-2005, the JSC (Joint Steering Committee for Revision of Anglo-American Cataloging Rules) group wanted to publish AACR 3 as a result of new needs in cataloging, but RDA (Resource Description and Access) was appropriate as the name for the new rules. seen. Since 2010, the new cataloging standard, RDA, has become widespread worldwide. The transition to RDA brought many changes with it. Providing the necessary training for the implementation of RDA is one of the starting points of this change. In the studies conducted on RDA in different countries, it has been understood that the subject of “RDA Education” is one of the important issues in the transition process. The methods to be followed while giving this training are very important. Similar and different methods for education have been developed between countries. The aim of this article is to help develop a method in RDA education in our country by examining the RDA education in these different countries.

Love for Sale: Virtual Lovers Rental Services in Indonesia

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The way interpersonal relationships, particularly romantic ones, are formed has gradually transitioned to the virtual realm. Digital communication media now serve as platforms where users can meet and establish relationships without the constraints of physical distance and face-to-face interactions. The phenomenon of Virtual Lovers, originating in China, explains how individuals offer services as virtual partners to accompany clients. This relationship can be understood through the concept of Mediated Relationship, where romantic relationships flourish without contextual limitations, using digital communication as the primary medium. This study aims to explore the virtual communication process and interpersonal relationships of a Virtual Lover in their profession. Using a constructivist paradigm and a qualitative approach, this study aims to examine the experiences and values of Virtual Lovers in situational romantic interactions with their clients. It was found that a Virtual Lover communicates with their client in a situational romantic relationship, engaging in conversations or sharing stories about life’s problems. Virtual Lovers create a self-profile reflecting how they wish to be perceived through virtual communication. This exchange of information builds familiarity and trust as their knowledge of each other deepens. Despite not meeting face-to-face, Virtual Lovers feel their persona as a talent is distinct from their real-life self, where talent must listen attentively and adapt to the needs of their clients. Agencies acting as intermediaries between clients and talents enforce various regulations to protect the privacy and security of all parties involved.

Representation of Gender Ideology in the Novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura

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The novel Raden Dewi Sartika is a graphic novel by E. Rokajat Asura. Through this novel the author represents the struggle of the character Raden Dewi Sartika in fighting for women’s education with all the problematic gender ideology that existed at that time. This research discusses the representation of gender ideology in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura, with the research focus being (1) the representation of forms of gender ideology in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika, (2) gender roles in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika, and (3) The meaning of gender ideology in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive approach. This research method aims to analyze data by synthesizing data in the form of text and pieces of dialogue on the events narrated in the novel to describe the form of gender ideology, gender roles and the meaning of gender ideology in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura. The data source in this research is the novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura with a book thickness of 422 pages, and published by Imani in 2019. The aim of this research is to describe and explain the representation of gender ideology in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura , the gender roles of Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura, and the meaning of gender ideology in Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura. This research produces descriptive information, namely a description of the analysis of the data collected. The data collected is in the form of sentences and pieces of dialogue. The report in this research is in the form of quotation data which is an illustration of the research focus. The results of this research show that the representation of gender ideology There are three forms of gender ideology represented in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura, namely: (1) marginalization (control over women’s movements, (2) stereotypes (women as gentle creatures) , (3) subordination (the position of women). There are two representations of gender roles in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura, namely: (1) reproductive role (taking care of family needs and caring for the family), (2) social role (teaching to read wrote and founded a women’s school). The meaning of gender ideology in the novel Raden Dewi Sartika by E. Rokajat Asura is divided into two indicators, namely: (1) subject-object position (work opportunities are limited by gender and women’s desire to gain freedom in the public sphere ), (2) the reader’s position (traditional construction of women). The results of this research are only a small part of the forms and impacts of discrimination. For readers and future researchers, it is hoped that this research can increase knowledge about character discrimination.

Strategies for the Success of Leaders in Managing Non-Formal Schools in Remote Areas in Indonesia

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This study examines the Leader’s success in managing the Nurul Huda Quran Education Park (TPQ) in Kampung Mamokeng, Tulehu Village, Maluku Tengah Regency in facing various challenges faced by educational institutions in disadvantaged areas. The research method used in this study is a case study research method. The study’s results found that TPQ Nurul Huda successfully created a collaborative and innovative environment through a participatory leadership style, which supports improving the quality of teaching and strengthening relationships with the local community. Utilizing local resources, including human resources, infrastructure, and local wisdom, is the primary key to overcoming existing limitations. Indicators of the success of TPQ Nurul Huda can be seen in the increasing quality of education, active community participation, and long-term impacts on students. The strategies implemented by TPQ leaders show that with a clear vision and inclusive leadership, non-formal educational institutions in disadvantaged areas can achieve significant success. This study emphasizes the importance of community-based leadership and utilization of local resources in creating quality education that positively impacts society.

Legal Position of a Deed of Release of Rights Made by a Notary for Building Use Rights Objects which the Term has expired

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The position of land as an asset that drives the economy and has a positive impact on economic development and development. HGB can be given a maximum period of 30 years and can be extended for a maximum period of 20 years. An application for renewal of HGB can be submitted no later than 2 years after the period or extension ends, in Article 95 Number 2 of Permen ATR/BPN 18/2021. If no extension/renewal is made, based on Article 11 of Permen ATR/BPN 18/2021, land that has exceeded its rights period automatically becomes state land. An interesting legal issue to be studied in this study is the HGB object that is controlled for a period of 30 years by the rights holder but is not renewed/extended, after several years all heirs of the former HGB owner release it to the new rights recipient with compensation based on a deed of release of rights made by a Notary. The deed raises legal problems related to its validity and legal certainty, because the object is state land. The researcher determines the problem, namely: What is the legal status of a deed of release of rights made by a Notary for an HGB object whose term has expired? This research is a normative juridical study using a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a historical approach. Research Results The legal status of a deed of release of rights for an HGB object is that the deed provides Priority Rights owned by the former HGB holder. This Priority Right can be used as a basis for the former rights holder to transfer his rights to the new rights owner. Because the HGB object whose term has expired is not the right of the HGB subject but state land, so the status of the deed of release is null and void.

The Impact of Social Support on the College Enrollment Aspirations of Ethnic Minority Vocational Students: A Case Study of a Modern Industrial College in Xinjiang

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In recent years, China has been striving to enhance the quality of the population in ethnic minority areas, promote local talent cultivation, and accelerate local economic development by increasing investment in basic education resources and expanding enrollment in higher education. This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 ethnic minority students from a modern industrial college in Xinjiang to explore the influence of social support on academic aspirations. Employing qualitative research methods and drawing on the interview outline by Wang (2020), supported by Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior, the study concludes that national policies, schools, teachers, and parents influence the academic aspirations of ethnic minority students. Based on these findings, the study suggests the effective implementation of relevant national policies and calls for schools, teachers, and parents to pay attention to and encourage the academic aspirations of ethnic minority students. This study inspires future scholars to pay more attention to the academic aspirations of ethnic minority students, aiming to provide them with more assistance and improve the overall education level of ethnic minority students.

Examining the Factors Influencing Parents’ Preschool Selection in Malaysia Post-COVID-19

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The COVID-19 pandemic brought about significant disruptions and transformations in the operations of preschools across Malaysia. Consequently, parents’ decision-making process when choosing a preschool for their children has become less straightforward. This study aims to elucidate the factors that influence parents’ selection of preschools. A questionnaire survey was conducted involving 70 parents of preschool children enrolled in four kindergartens in Malaysia. Descriptive and ANOVA analyses were employed to assess the levels of various factors and their interrelationships. Our findings uncovered nine key post-COVID-19 elements that impact parents’ decisions when selecting a preschool: culture, religion, teachers, curriculum, safety, practical considerations, management, reputation, and facilities. These factors exert varying levels of influence on parents’ preschool choices. Among these factors, safety, the curriculum and educational philosophy, and the practical aspects of a preschool emerged as the top three considerations for parents. The results revealed a significant disparity in parents’ preschool selection based on income levels. Lower-income parents displayed less enthusiasm for preschools that required substantial parental support for blended online learning than their higher-income counterparts. These findings offer valuable insights into the criteria parents use to choose a preschool for their children, shedding light on their specific needs and expectations.

The Effectiveness of Policies to Accelerate the Elimination of Extreme Poverty in Indonesia (A Case Study on the Implementation of Presidential Instruction Number 4 of 2022 in Kediri County)

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The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the effectiveness of policies to accelerate the elimination of extreme poverty in 2024, including in Kediri County.  This research process uses a qualitative approach and the type of research is a case study, which was conducted in Kediri County, East Java Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted with in-depth interviews with 6 (six) key informants from 7 (seven) Regional Apparatus Work Units (SKPD) who are considered to represent SKPD. The focus of this research is the effectiveness of policies to accelerate the elimination of extreme poverty. Data collection techniques using interviews for primary data and documentation for secondary data. The analysis technique used content analysis The conclusions of this study are: First, The Central Government has issued Presidential Instruction Number 4 of 2022 concerning the Acceleration of the Elimination of Extreme Poverty. Kedua, The implementation of Presidential Instruction Number 4 of 2022 requires integration, synergy and cooperation between ministries and local governments, so that Ketiga, the effectiveness of the implementation of policies to accelerate poverty eradication is less effective due to communication system constraints in cooperation between ministries and local governments, especially in human resource management and funding.

Role of Handicraft in Tourism Promotion and Economic Empowerment in Nigeria

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The paper examined the role of traditional handicraft in tourism promotion and economic empowerment in Nigeria. The paper highlighted concept of handicraft and craftsmanship. The types of Nigerian traditional handicrafts; the cultural significance of arts and handicrafts were highlighted. The potentials of traditional handicrafts in tourism development and economic empowerment such as job creation, revenue generation; and increase in foreign exchange earnings to the country were established based on the revenue literature. Challenges in the development of arts and craft industries in Nigeria and strategies to overcome them were examined. The reviewed literature established that handicrafts are essential parts of tourists’ experience in a destination. It was revealed that traditional handicrafts play significant roles in preserving the cultural heritage of a region as it symbolizes cultural identity. The reviewed literature indicated that traditional handicrafts attracts tourists to a destination as they are interested in purchasing crafts with symbolic meanings, as souvenirs to take to their homeland as memory of the place visited. Handicrafts also has the potential for job creation by providing source of income to those who engage in producing them, and also increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country as the foreign tourist purchase them. However, in Nigeria the performance of the arts and handicraft sector is far below its potentials due to the various challenges faced by the sector which among others include: lack of funding and non-financial support if form of policies by the government and its agencies to favor the growth of the sector; lack of collaboration between the handicraft producers and stakeholders in the tourism sector on product design to meet the market demands (needs of the tourists, poor marketing strategies which result in low patronage of arts and craft products; and scarcity strategies to overcome the challenges were also suggested which among others includes: Government granting both financial and non-financial support in form of funding and policies to favor the development of the arts and handicraft sector; collaboration and synergy between the art/craft sector and tourism sector for mutual benefits and promote cultural tourism, development of art/craft centres where artisans of the same trade can network and improve the quality of their products and also form co-operative society to make it easier to approach government for financial and non-financial help; and also develop marketing strategies for quick and profitable sales of their products both locally and globally.